What is Niacin?

Niacin, also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid, is a water soluble vitamin that is a vital component of the human diet. Like other water soluble vitamins, the body expresses excess niacin, meaning that a continuous supply needs to be consumed. Common sources of B3, along with other healthy vitamins and minerals, are meats, wheat germ, dairy products, and yeast. Under rare situations, a patient may need to take this vitamin as a supplement. Caution should be used when adding it to the diet, however, as an excess can be harmful.

Vitamin B3 was discovered by chemists who were working with nicotine. When nicotine was oxidized, it produced nicotinic acid. As the chemists explored the properties of the substance, they realized that it had potential health applications. Since nicotinic acid is found in substances that do not contain nicotine, a new name was chosen to distinguish it from nicotine. Allegedly, niacin is a portmanteau of nicotinic acid vitamin. Further research showed that this vitamin played a crucial role in many biological functions, either in a pure form or in the form of chemicals derived from it.

In addition to reducing bad cholesterol and elevating good cholesterol, niacin also contributes to the regulation of a number of bodily processes, including metabolism and cell repair, in the form of derivatives which are created in the body through biosynthesis. It also appears to reduce triglyceride levels in the blood. A deficiency of niacin, called pellagra, can lead to skin conditions, susceptibility to cold, dementia, and diarrhea. Excess can also lead to health problems, so supplemental B3 should only be taken under medical supervision.

Pure niacin is a white, water soluble powder. Most people get enough of this vitamin from a balanced diet that includes foods with plentiful amounts of it. Women require around 14 milligrams each day, and men need slightly more, 16 milligrams. Over 20 milligrams a day can bring on skin rashes, liver damage, and changes in the body's natural insulin levels. If a patient is diagnosed with pellagra, a doctor may prescribe niacin supplements. These supplements are typically taken with food to increase absorption.

Many people do not eat balanced diets, either because they lead busy lifestyles or because they are unaware of the basic needs of the human body. Vitamin deficiency can lead to health problems further down the line, and patients should consult a medical professional or dietician about their nutritional needs. The needs of the body change with age, and reviewing the diet with a professional may help to determine whether or not a person needs to alter his or her diet or consider taking supplemental vitamins for health.