Using estrogen replacement therapy after a hysterectomy is something that women should consider very carefully and discuss with their doctors, as the treatment has several advantages and disadvantages. On the pro side, estrogen replacement can help alleviate the symptoms of early menopause that often accompany a hysterectomy, particularly if both the ovaries are removed at the same time. It is also thought to help prevent osteoporosis. On the con side, studies have shown that estrogen replacement can increase the chances of certain medical conditions such as blood clots, stroke, and cancer, particularly in high-risk groups. It may also simply be unnecessary, for example if the patient still has one or both ovaries or is near or past the age of menopause.
One of the main reasons for estrogen replacement therapy after a hysterectomy is to prevent the early menopausal symptoms it may cause. This is often especially a problem for women who also have an oophorectomy, or removal of the ovaries, at the same time. The sudden loss of estrogen production by the body can cause issues like hot flashes and night sweats, depression, and vaginal dryness, and replacement of estrogen can help alleviate them.
Prevention of osteoporosis is another potential benefit of estrogen replacement therapy after a hysterectomy. Taking supplemental estrogen may help prevent some of the bone loss these patients may otherwise face. This can be particularly beneficial for women who have a hysterectomy early in life.
Despite the potential benefits, there are also some significant risks with estrogen replacement therapy after a hysterectomy. Women taking it may have a greater chance of developing blood clots, stroke, and breast or ovarian cancer. The risk is particularly high for those with a personal or family history of these issues, and for women who smoke. These types of patients especially should talk to their doctors about whether the risks outweigh the benefits of this treatment.
Another reason not to use estrogen replacement is that the hysterectomy patient may not really need it. Women who still have one or both ovaries after surgery may still produce enough estrogen naturally that they will not have menopausal symptoms. Those who are very close to or past the age of menopause when they have a hysterectomy typically already have very low estrogen levels and therefore do not need replacement. In these cases, treatment provides few or no benefits and increases the chances of health issues unnecessarily.